Down syndrome affects not just chromosome 21 but impacts gene expression across the entire genome, alters how genes are epigenetically regulated and spatially organized, causes long-lasting brain inflammation, and disrupts cellular metabolism. These interconnected changes influence brain development and function, but new therapies targeting these areas offer hope for improved cognition and health.

Series note : There is a fantastic review (current state of scientific understanding) by Russo, Sousa, and Bhattacharyya out of...

In Down syndrome, underlying changes from the cellular level compound to produce noticeable differences compared to neurotypical brains. How do those differences relate to typical strengths and weaknesses in Down syndrome?

Quick tutorial on myelin and its role in neurodevelopment