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"There is a good chance that your baby will have Down syndrome." Okay, great. What do we do with this information? While I'll spare you the details of the other 1.2 trillion things that went through my head in 2.6 seconds, you may relate because you lived through the same call. Or maybe you've delivered the unexpected news. Regardless, thanks for stopping by and considering joining the journey to understand how Down syndrome impacts neurodevelopment.

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Reflections from a neuroscientist-parent on attending a Down syndrome research day. Insights on gene expression, cross-disciplinary therapy advances, and how lived experience transforms science.

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Processing speed is the brain’s tempo, not its talent. Processing speed shapes how kids learn, socialize, and grow, and people with Down syndrome tend to have slower processing speed. Many people with slow processing speed thrive with tailored interventions, smart IEP accommodations, and a colorful, nutrient-rich diet. Advocate thoughtfully for flexibility and understanding and cherish each child’s unique rhythm by valuing resilience over rushing.

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Processing speed is how quickly babies understand their surroundings. Some babies may need more time to respond. Support your baby by breaking tasks into smaller steps, repeating activities daily, and using visual aids. Pay attention to their cues and allow extra learning time without pressure. Collaborate with knowledgeable therapists for support. Celebrate every bit of progress, as slow and steady growth builds strong brains.

Primitive reflexes are automatic baby movements that usually disappear as the brain matures. When they don’t integrate properly, they can affect motor and cognitive skills. Many kids with Down syndrome show these retained reflexes, which can make balance, coordination, and attention harder. Therapies using gentle movements and sensory experiences to “turn off” these old reflexes and may be able to help kids move and learn better.

Down syndrome affects not just chromosome 21 but impacts gene expression across the entire genome, alters how genes are epigenetically regulated and spatially organized, causes long-lasting brain inflammation, and disrupts cellular metabolism. These interconnected changes influence brain development and function, but new therapies targeting these areas offer hope for improved cognition and health.

When explaining synaptogenesis to other parents, picture the brain as a symphony orchestra. The synapses are the crucial musical passages, those precise moments and notes where one instrument hands the melody to another, creating harmony and flow. In Down syndrome, we see fewer and weaker passages; the melody struggles to move smoothly between sections, so the music doesn’t sound as clear or coordinated. The brain’s communication system isn’t broken, but plays a complex tune

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Discover how changes in glial cells and myelination affect early brain development in Down syndrome. Learn why slower brain “wiring” impacts learning and memory, and how understanding this support network can empower families to follow through with therapies and patience.

Discover how reduced neurogenesis shapes early brain development in Down syndrome. Learn how fewer neurons and altered timing impact cognition, memory, and learning—and why its important for families to understand these changes and pursue early intervention.

I never seem to run out of questions...

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Refresh your memory or learn more about gray matter. Neurons and glia work together to create a beautiful symphony of thought and action.

In Down syndrome, underlying changes from the cellular level compound to produce noticeable differences compared to neurotypical brains. How do those differences relate to typical strengths and weaknesses in Down syndrome?

Quick tutorial on myelin and its role in neurodevelopment