Down syndrome affects not just chromosome 21 but impacts gene expression across the entire genome, alters how genes are epigenetically regulated and spatially organized, causes long-lasting brain inflammation, and disrupts cellular metabolism. These interconnected changes influence brain development and function, but new therapies targeting these areas offer hope for improved cognition and health.

When explaining synaptogenesis to other parents, picture the brain as a symphony orchestra. The synapses are the crucial musical passages, those precise moments and notes where one instrument hands the melody to another, creating harmony and flow. In Down syndrome, we see fewer and weaker passages; the melody struggles to move smoothly between sections, so the music doesn’t sound as clear or coordinated. The brain’s communication system isn’t broken, but plays a complex tune